Excluding China, Japan and India, discuss the effects of immigration in one country and emigration in one other country of the region between 1980 and 2005.

Candidates will offer a considered and balanced review of the reasons for immigration in one country and emigration in one other country of the region. Candidates may refer to economic factors such as lack of opportunity or economic hardship. For example, large numbers of unskilled workers from Bangladesh and the Philippines migrated to Singapore to find employment. Active recruitment of labour by other countries also encouraged emigration. For example, in the 1950s and 1960s New Zealand actively recruited labour from the Pacific Islands. Fleeing various forms of persecution led to increased migration during this period. Because of the genocide in Cambodia it was estimated that approximately 750,000 Cambodians sought refuge in Thailand. Governments developed agreements and systems to support migration. Bilateral agreements signed between Singapore and Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh and the Philippines made the migration process easier for unskilled workers looking for employment in Singapore.