| Date | November 2018 | Marks available | 3 | Reference code | 18N.1.BP.TZ0.1 |
| Level | Both SL and HL | Paper | Paper 1 - first exams 2017 | Time zone | TZ0 |
| Command term | What | Question number | 1 | Adapted from | N/A |
Question
Source A
Philip Potter, an author of popular history books, writing in the book Gothic Kings of Britain: The lives of 31 Medieval Rulers, 1016–1399 (2009).
Henry II designated his eldest son, the younger Henry, as the successor to Anjou, Normandy and England, while Richard was granted Aquitaine and the fourth son, Geoffrey, was bequeathed Brittany. Nevertheless, the king refused to relinquish any sovereignty to his heirs and, as they grew older, the lack of independent authority gave cause for rebellion. At Queen Eleanor’s urging, Richard joined the insurrection of his older brother. The rebels met in Paris at the court of Louis VII where a formidable alliance was formed … resulting in the agreement to wage war against Henry II. In July 1173, the allies invaded Normandy, where Richard gained his first experience in battle. However, the attacks against the Plantagenet crown were inconclusive and in September the monarch offered to reconcile with his sons, proposing generous financial terms but no power. The offer was rejected and the conflict renewed, with Henry II taking the offensive by mounting an assault against Anjou with a formidable army. As his father succeeded in re-imposing his control over large sections of Poitou, Richard assumed his first independent command to resist his father’s attack … The revolt continued through the summer as Richard’s military might deteriorated under the relentless pressure of the Plantagenet [Henry II’s] counter-campaign. Finally, on 23 September 1174, at Poitiers he agreed to peace terms, accepting a reduced financial settlement and renewing his homage for Aquitaine.
[Source: from Gothic Kings of Britain: The Lives of 31 Medieval Rulers, 1016–1399 © 2009 Philip J. Potter
by permission of McFarland & Company, Inc., Box 611, Jefferson NC 28640. www.mcfarlandbooks.com.]
Source B
Matthew Paris, an English chronicler and artist, depicts Henry II (left), Richard I (right) and the younger Henry (in the middle), in the book English History (1250).
[Source: The British Library, http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Viewer.aspx?ref=royal_ms_14_c_vii_f008v ]
What, according to Source A, were the actions taken by Richard I against Henry II?
What does Source B suggest about the nature of medieval leadership?
Markscheme
- Richard joined the insurrection of the younger Henry against their father.
- Richard participated in the alliance that was formed with Louis VII.
- As Henry II began to reassert control, Richard commanded a force to repel him.
- Richard rejected Henry II’s offer of reconciliation.
The above material is an indication of what candidates may elect to write about in their responses. It is neither prescriptive nor exhaustive and no set answer is required. Award [1] for each relevant point up to a maximum of [3].
- Royal authority was important.
- Religion was important.
- There could be rival contenders for leadership.
The above material is an indication of what candidates may elect to write about in their responses. It is neither prescriptive nor exhaustive and no set answer is required. Award [1] for each relevant point up to a maximum of [2].
