“The impact of Portuguese rule in Angola and Mozambique was entirely negative.” Discuss.

The question requires that candidates offer a considered and balanced review that includes a range of arguments concerning the impact of Portuguese rule in Angola and Mozambique. Candidates may argue that Portuguese rule was entirely negative by pointing to the extractive and exploitative nature of the colonial economy, underdevelopment and neglect of infrastructure, the impoverishment of peasants who were heavily taxed and subjected to forced labour, post-war immigration of white workers whose jobs were protected, racial segregation and discrimination, and the devastating economic and human impact of the liberation wars. Candidates may agree, partly agree or disagree with the statement, though they are more likely to conclude that Portuguese rule was overwhelmingly negative. However, they may argue that it led to the development of nationalism and ultimately independence, and that this was a positive result. They may also focus on the policy of assimilation and the emergence of a mestizo community.