Discuss the reasons for, and the results of, the uprising in Czechoslovakia (1968).

The question requires that candidates offer a considered and balanced review of the uprising in Czechoslovakia in 1968. Reasons for the uprising may focus on the desire for more control over internal policy, more economic freedom to trade with the West and fewer restrictions on civil liberties. Dubcek’s attempts at reform (socialism with a human face) were halted by the invasion of Warsaw Pact forces in August 1968. In the short term, Dubcek was replaced by Husak, Moscow continued to dominate Czech politics and reformers were persecuted. Long-term results of the uprising may include the issuing of Charter 77 and greater pressure for independence that developed in Czechoslovakia after 1985, once Gorbachev became leader of the Soviet Union.