Discuss the reasons for China “turning in” and adopting a policy of isolationism.

Candidates will offer a considered and balanced review of the reasons for China “turning in” and adopting a policy of isolationism. Candidates may approach the question by considering short and long term reasons or they may take a thematic approach by considering the social, political and economic reasons for China becoming isolationist. Social and political reasons discussed may include the nature of Confucianism in Chinese society, the xenophobic attitudes of the court and the impact of the Mongol invasions. Economic reasons may include a discussion of the fiscal crisis
in the 15th Century, the nature and benefits of the Tributary System and the growth of piracy at this time. Candidates may also discuss whether external or internal reasons were of more significance to China “turning in”.