Discuss the reasons for, and the consequences of, the introduction of the Liberal Policy by the Dutch in Indonesia in the mid-19th century.

Candidates will offer a considered and balanced review of the reasons for, and the consequences of, the Dutch introduction of the Liberal Policy that includes a range of arguments and factors. Candidates may suggest that widespread criticism of the Culture System and political changes in the Netherlands led to its introduction. Additionally or alternatively, candidates may argue that the influence of the business community and the potential of private enterprise to develop further ventures were significant factors. Candidates may question whether the subsequent profitability resulted from the Policy or from international trade. They may suggest that the exploitation continued and living standards fluctuated. While no set response is expected, candidates must incorporate a review of both reasons and consequences.