“Weapons rather than tactics determined the outcome of the Crusades.” Discuss with reference to two of: the First Crusade (1096–1099); the Second Crusade (1145–1149); the Third Crusade (1189–1192).

Candidates will offer a considered and balanced review of the statement that weapons rather than tactics determined the outcome of two of the Crusades. Candidates must discuss both weapons and tactics with respect to their two chosen crusades, although some imbalance is permitted. Candidates may or may not choose a comparative approach. They may discuss how the weapons of both sides remained virtually unchanged throughout the crusading period, and how the most significant victories of the Muslims, for example Hattin, were the result of poor tactical decisions by the crusading forces. References may be made to the importance of siege warfare in terms of developments in siege weapons and tactics. While other—relevant—factors may be referred to, the bulk of the response must focus on weapons and tactics. Candidates may agree, partly agree or disagree with the statement.