Compare and contrast the domestic policies of Nasser and Sadat.

The focus here is on the similarities and differences in key domestic policy areas such as political power, the economy and social policy. Candidates may well argue that both Nasser and Sadat led largely authoritarian presidential regimes but had significantly different attitudes to the economy; Nasser being perceived as a “socialist” and Sadat, to some extent, an advocate of capitalism and a free market.

Indicative content

Comparisons

• Both were dominant political leaders as president and ultimately controlled policy direction.
• Both relied on the support of the military as a power-base although Sadat did not allow the army so much political influence.
• Both relied on repression and a secret intelligence service to deal with potential opposition (the Mukhaberat under Nasser and the Central Security Police under Sadat).
• Both had powerful parties that dominated politics. Nasser led the Arab Socialist Union and Sadat the National Democratic Party, although Sadat allowed small opposition parties to operate.

Contrasts

• Nasser pursued “Arab Socialism” via Land Reform Acts, reform of Labour Laws and State control of the economy; State Capitalism was implemented in the First Five Year Plan (1960). He also reduced foreign involvement in the economy via actions such as the nationalization of the Suez Canal in 1956.
• Sadat encouraged the development of the private sector in Egypt and also encouraged foreign investment. In agriculture his policies favoured the richer landowners. In general, under Sadat there was a declining standard of living for workers and peasants.
• Socially, Nasser appeared to favour change, allowing some progress in the legal status of women whereas Sadat favoured a much more traditional role for women.
• Nasser refused to allow the Muslim Brotherhood to function openly, whereas Sadat relaxed tight controls as long as the Brotherhood focused on religion.

The above material is an indication of what candidates may elect to write about in their responses. However, the list is not exhaustive and no set answer is required.

Examiners are reminded of the need to apply the markbands that provide the “best fit” to the responses given by candidates and to award credit wherever it is possible to do so.

[20 marks]