Evaluate the nature of Reza Shah’s regime (1925–1941).

The key word in the question is “nature” and answers should appraise the aims and the extent of change in the social, economic and political areas of Reza Shah’s regime.

Indicative content

• Politically the regime was highly authoritarian as Reza Shah relied heavily on the army for the maintenance of power.
• Elections were carefully managed and parliament had no effective powers. Trade unions and the Communist Party were banned and the press censored. Political opponents were arrested and often executed. Centralized control was imposed on the nomadic tribes who were forced to settle.
• Attempts were made to westernize society, and to that effect secular education and law codes were introduced. Western clothes were worn and women were not allowed to wear the veil. Attempts were made to reduce the influence of the ulama, but this was only partially successful (notably in the cities where the new elite, bureaucrats and army officers dominated).
• Reza Shah attempted to modernize the economy by developing the infrastructure, roads and railways and establishing a National Bank. However, the oil industry remained under foreign control (Anglo-Persian Oil Company) and profits went abroad. Other industries were limited in scale and often inefficient. Agriculture was the main economic activity but it continued to be
  backward and unproductive.

The above material is an indication of what candidates may elect to write about in their responses. However, the list is not exhaustive and no set answer is required.

Examiners are reminded of the need to apply the markbands that provide the “best fit” to the responses given by candidates and to award credit wherever it is possible to do so.

[20 marks]