With reference to two Southeast Asian countries, discuss the nature and effects of colonial rule.

Candidates are required to select two Southeast Asian countries and offer a considered and balanced review of the nature of the colonial rule they were subject to and the effects of that rule. While it is likely that candidates will select countries with different colonial rulers, this is not a requirement of the question and any two colonized countries are acceptable. While it is possible—and acceptable—for candidates to adopt a comparative approach, this is not a requirement of the question.

Indicative content

• The political nature of colonial rule may include a comparison of the type of rule, direct or indirect; the structure of the bureaucracy; colonial military presence; the colonial powers’ policies of divide and rule and the attempts to replicate political systems and/or institutions of the colonial power. The impact colonial rule had on the existing rulers may also be discussed.
• The economic nature of colonial rule could include a discussion of taxation systems and developments in agriculture and trade/commerce. Candidates may also compare the effects of colonial rule on the economy including economic hardship, land redistribution and developments in infrastructure.
• The presence and activities of missionaries during colonial rule had a significant impact on society. Many local people converted to Christianity, which contributed to a loss of cultural beliefs and identity. Local rebellions and resistance were also a feature of colonial rule in some Southeast Asian countries in this period.

The above material is an indication of what candidates may elect to write about in their responses. However, the list is not exhaustive and no set answer is required.

Examiners and moderators are reminded of the need to apply the markbands that provide the “best fit” to the responses given by candidates and to award credit wherever it is possible to do so.

[20 marks]