To what extent was dissatisfaction with some elements of Christianity a major cause of the emergence of Independent Churches?

Candidates are expected to have a clear understanding of the reasons for the development of the Independent Church movements. They should have knowledge of what was considered by some to be the weaknesses in the Christian Church as well as other factors that led to their establishment. They should draw a conclusion as to whether dissatisfaction with the existing churches was the main reason for the development of Independent Churches.

Indicative content

Dissatisfaction with Christianity

• There was discrimination regarding positions in the Church and a growing feeling among Africans that Christianity was dominated by Europeans.
• The Christian Church’s disapproval of some African traditions such as polygamy also contributed to support for an Independent Church movement.
• The limited provision of education, or the provision of low-quality education, was used by the colonial authorities as a means of maintaining control. The Christian missions, which often provided this education, were associated with this strategy in the minds of some Africans. This led to the more general perception that the Churches were at least partly responsible for the depredations suffered under colonialism.
• The established Churches often seemed out-of-touch and unresponsive to the needs of ordinary Africans.

Other factors

• Through the Independent Churches, Africans could coalesce aspects of Christianity with traditions that they wanted to retain.
• Independent Churches represented an opportunity for Africans to take leadership.
• Independent Churches voiced strong opposition to colonialism and its policies, for example land confiscation, forced labour and taxation, and this resonated with many Africans.
• Some Independent Churches were established in areas where missionary activity was minimal, suggesting that other factors were at work.
• The influence of black American evangelism was another factor in encouraging Independent Church formation.

The above material is an indication of what candidates may elect to write about in their responses. However, the list is not exhaustive and no set answer is required.

Examiners and moderators are reminded of the need to apply the markbands that provide the “best fit” to the responses given by candidates and to award credit wherever it is possible to do so.

[20 marks]