Compare and contrast the results of Asante resistance to British imperialism with that of the Mandinka to French imperialism.

Candidates are required to focus their answers on the period of Asante and Mandinka resistance to colonial conquest, from the 1870s through to the end of the resistance in the early years of the 20th century. One approach would be to first address the many similarities in the results of this resistance, including military defeat and colonization, before focusing on some of the differences, which may include the survival of the Asante as a political force into the colonial era. Candidates may refer to results after the initial resistance began but prior to the final loss of independence.

Indicative content

Comparisons

• Both Samori Toure and the Asante created a legacy of anti-colonial resistance that a later generation of nationalists could exploit. Indeed, Samori’s grandson, Sekou Toure, became the first leader of independent Guinea in 1958.
• In each case it can be argued that resistance delayed the loss of independence. The Asante Kingdom was incorporated into colonial Gold Coast in 1902 after a series of wars with the British. This was much later than some other parts of the colony, which had earlier opted to come under British protection. The Mandinka succumbed only after 16 years of fierce warfare with the French.
• In each case resistance led to the capture and/or exiling of leaders. Samori Toure was captured by the French and died in 1900, while King Prempeh I was exiled in 1896, as was Yaa Asantewaa following the Asante Rising of 1900 to 1901.
• The resistance of both the Asante and the Mandinka ended ultimately in military defeat and the loss of independence.

Contrasts

• Mandinka resistance to the French was militarily successful, at least initially. Asante resistance was less successful, with defeat to the British in a series of wars fought in 1874, 1896 and 1900 to 1901.
• Until 1901, Asante resistance was sporadic. This typically involved military defeat at the hands of the British, who would subsequently withdraw their troops before another crisis prompted further intervention. Contrastingly, Mandinka resistance to the French was more prolonged and sustained.
• The Mandinka Empire was completely broken up following its defeat at the hands of the French, and absorbed into various parts of French West Africa. Contrastingly, the Asante survived their defeat and were able to become an independent political force in colonial Gold Coast. The Asantehene was allowed to return from exile in 1924.

The above material is an indication of what candidates may elect to write about in their responses. However, the list is not exhaustive and no set answer is required.

Examiners and moderators are reminded of the need to apply the markbands that provide the “best fit” to the responses given by candidates and to award credit wherever it is possible to do so.

[20 marks]