Discuss the factors that led to the rise of the Hehe under Mkwawa.

Candidates will have knowledge of the role played by Mkwawa in the rise of the Hehe. They are required to consider social, political and economic factors and demonstrate how these contributed to the rise of the Hehe during the reign of Mkwawa.

Indicative content

• Candidates should focus on the personal role of Mkwawa, who was able to defeat his rival Mwambambe after the death of Munyigumba.
• Mkwawa continued with the Hehe-Ngoni wars. The defeat of the Ngoni meant peace in the area, which contributed to the rise of his kingdom.
• The existence of a strong military force—whose tactics were borrowed from the Ngoni, and which made use of guns—could be discussed. This force was used for territorial expansion.
• Mkwawa organized raids on neighbouring communities and the Swahili caravans. All this contributed to the building up of wealth for his rising kingdom.
• Mkwawa’s control of the trade routes from Bagamoyo to Tabora could be considered. The role played by long-distance trade, which was aided by the advantageous strategic location of the Hehe could also be discussed. The Hehe levied the “Hongo”—a tax that was charged on the traders passing through their territory.
• Candidates may also discuss how Mkwawa was able to eliminate his opponents in Uhehe. This instilled fear and loyalty among his subjects, many of whom also owed their wealth to him.
• Candidates could discuss the role played by his political organization, where provincial rulers were appointed and dismissed by Mkwawa. This led to the development of a strong central government.
• Rulers who chose not to resist Hehe expansion were allowed to keep their kingdoms. Marriage alliances were also concluded. This close relationship with their neighbours enabled the Hehe to resist the Germans.

The above material is an indication of what candidates may elect to write about in their responses. However, the list is not exhaustive and no set answer is required.

Examiners and moderators are reminded of the need to apply the markbands that provide the “best fit” to the responses given by candidates and to award credit wherever it is possible to do so.

[20 marks]