Using map evidence, identify one factor that has limited the expansion of Lagos towards the west.

Estimate how far (in km) Lagos has grown along the southern part of the lagoon between points X and Y from 1984 to 2013.

Suggest two social reasons for the rapid growth of a megacity such as Lagos.

Explain two reasons why the informal economic sector is important in a megacity such as Lagos.

River

25 (allow 21-27)

Award [1] for a valid social reason and [1] for further development.
Do not credit economic reasons.

For example: A high rate of natural increase [1] as fertility rates are high in countries such as Nigeria [1].

Other possible reasons include:

• Migration – as pull factors such as education, universities, hospitals (do not double credit two urban social pull factors).
• Push factors in rural areas, such as militia groups/civil war or land reforms. Must be distinctly different from the pull factor.
• Accept suburbanization/migration to periphery as a valid reason.

In each case, award [1] for a reason, and [1] for relevant explanation.

For example: The rapid growth of the mega-city/ the scale of the rural-urban migration into Lagos, means that many formal jobs are not available [1] therefore, people must rely on small-scale, labour-intensive activities to survive [1].

Other possibilities include:

• Informal self-employment, eg new technology industries may offer greater opportunity than low-paid formal work.
• Important from a consumer point of view to have cheaper alternatives.