Using map evidence, state why traffic congestion may occur at De Bataaf (grid square 4722).

State the direction from Vredespaleis (4720) to World Forum (4621).

Outline one possible recent change in urban function in box A.

Explain one possible physical factor and two possible human factors that can affect the pattern of residential development in a post-industrial city such as Den Haag.

A brief statement using map evidence is needed for [1]. A response that implies traffic congestion is acceptable.

Possibilities include:

• Major road which attracts heavy traffic.
• Parking areas which slow traffic flow.
• Sports facilities which attract visitors
• Golf and tennis facilities may attract people (implies traffic congestion).

NW (only acceptable answer)

Award [1] for a valid change for a post-industrial city and [1] for further development (outline).

For example: Urban industries have probably been replaced by services [1] such as waterfront restaurants around what are probably old docks [1].

Other possible ways/changes include:

• conversion of waterside warehouses into offices
• conversion of waterside warehouses into hotels or houses / gentrification
• old docks have been replaced by marina.

Award a maximum of [1] if no clear reference is made to box A.

In each case, award [1] for a valid factor linked to residential development and [1] for explanation of how it affects the residential pattern.

For example: Human factor – residential housing is absent from large areas of this city where there are parks [1]. This may be due to planning laws limiting development on green spaces [1].
Physical factor – attractive coastal scenery [1] can encourage residential development along the coastline, because of the attractive view [1].

Other possible factors include:

Physical

• restriction in flood risk areas (both rivers and coastline)
• other physical factors such as relief/flat land.

Human

• land values
• land use planning/purpose-built estates
• distance from old industrial areas

Generally well answered, although some failed to link with traffic congestion.

Mostly answered correctly, although some did not recognize that a compass direction was required.

This question caused some problems; most showed a poor understanding of urban function and did not recognize how this might change in a post-industrial city.

This question also posed some difficulties. The term "physical factor" was not understood, or ignored. Many candidates answered the question in terms of push and pull factors and land values, or listed factors that might affect residential development without explaining how these patterns might be affected.