Estimate the number of people in the 15 to 19 age group in the population pyramid in Figure 3.

Outline why the shape of the population pyramid in Figure 3 indicates a high future population growth for Zambia.

With reference to Figure 6, identify two changes in land use that have taken place in the Copperbelt Province between 1972 and 2000.

Suggest possible reasons for the changes you have identified in (c)(i).

Identify four factors that would affect the primary productivity of forest plantations in the Copperbelt Province.

With reference to Figure 7, state the most common ecosystem in Zambia.

Figure 7 lists biomes and ecosystems in two different columns. Distinguish between a biome and an ecosystem.

With reference to Figure 8(c), explain how the distribution of national parks and game management areas in Zambia helps to provide effective conservation.

(0.8 million male + 0.8 million female =) 1.6 million/1,600,000;

0.8 million for males and females;

Accept 1.5 million to 1.7 million.

Do not accept answers that give 1.6 without the million.

[1 max]

slightly concave profile/broad base/high young population/nearly ½ population are below 15/indicates high birth rate;
….and will lead to a high number in child-bearing/most fertile age group (i.e. 15-24) in the future/shows population momentum;
The shape is typical of stage 2 of the DTM that leads to an expanding population in the future. 

[2 max]

reduction in woodlands / woodlands 56 to 32% cover;
increase in agriculture / agriculture 40 to 59%;
Introduction of/increase in plantations / plantations 0 to 4%.

[2 max]

Reduction in woodlands due to:
increased deforestation/clearance for mining/industry;
increased deforestation/clearance for increasing population/settlement/food production;
increased use of forest for fuelwood;
increased pollution/acid rain from mining damaging woodland ecosystems;

Increase in agriculture due to:
increase food demand for growing local population;
growth in export of agricultural crops (See Fig 4b);
governmental policy aiming at increasing income from agriculture / reduce dependence on mining;

Increase in plantations due to:
government investment/schemes/policy promoting plantations;
increased global/local demand for plantation resources (e.g. palm oil);
economic need to diversify production/exports. 

For “plantations” allow reference to cash crops/trees/food crops in context of above MPs.
Students are likely to start with an answer referring to the changes they identified in (c)(i) but they may also use the 3rd change. Please credit any correct reason for a change in Figure 6 even if the change was not included in (c)(i) or is not clearly identified in (c)(ii).

[3 max]

amount of sunlight/solar light/insolation;
amount of rainfall/precipitation/irrigation system;
temperature;
competition for space;
adequate nutrients/minerals/suitable soil/addition of fertilizers;
level of pests/disease/use of pesticides;
type of tree that is planted/suitability of tree crop to the local climate conditions;
Human impacts through metal pollution in soil/water supply / impacts of acid rain on plants/soil / climate change/global warming. 

Accept any other reasonable points.
Award [1] for two or three correct responses and [2] for four correct responses.

[2 max]

Miombo

[1]

biome is made up of many ecosystems / an ecosystem is within a biome;
an ecosystem involves an interdependent community of organisms whereas a biome is made up of separated communities;
an ecosystem is in a particular location whereas a biome is found overs cattered locations;
biome types are few and restricted, while types of ecosystems are many and variable. 

Definitions by themselves are not enough for a mark. A clear distinction must be made for a mark.
Linking the two definitions by a “whereas” would only gain a mark for biome as it should include the 1st marking point.

[2 max]

distribution covers a large total area so more habitat is conserved;
distribution is scattered over country so includes a diversity of habitats;
distribution includes wetlands that have a particularly high diversity / are particularly threatened on a global scale;
parks and Game Management Areas are clustered together/2 are round which reduces edge effects;
joined/unfragmented Game and Park areas provide a large producer food base for supporting long food chains/top carnivores / providing stability;
Game Management Areas are often distributed around the National Parks providing a buffer zone;
National Parks are often linked together by Game Management Areas that will provide corridors for migration/mixing of populations/reproduction;
proximity of Game and Park areas facilitate integrated policing against illegal poaching/management of tourism/funding. 

[3 max]

Only a very small minority gave an incorrect answer here. Having both sides as 0.8 million and not adding them up was accepted as an answer.

Most answers managed to gain one mark. The answers commonly did not really address the shape of the pyramid and how that linked to future growth, so the second mark was seldom met.

The candidates generally had no problems with identifying the two land changes.

The markscheme allowed for any reasonable changes in land use to be mentioned, even the ones not stated in (c)(i). Most candidates managed 2 or 3 marks here.

Many candidates tried to only use the resource booklet to obtain the answer, so they missed mentioning straightforward limiting factors for photosynthesis like water and light.

Most candidates gave Miombo as the ecosystem but a significant minority incorrectly mentioned only the woodland biome for the answer.

The distinguish command term was not addressed by most candidates who instead defined the two terms only. Most gained one mark for mentioning how a biome is made up of many ecosystems.

Most candidates gained at least one mark here. But many described the distribution of the parks without explaining how this makes for more effective conservation. No marks were awarded if weaknesses of the distribution were mentioned.