Suggest a range of practical procedures that could be carried out to measure the abiotic and biotic impacts of an oil spill in an aquatic ecosystem.

Suggest why the St Lawrence River beluga whale population has not recovered despite being given protected status in 1983.

With reference to Figures 9(a) and 9(b), explain the impacts of beaver dams on biodiversity within Algonquin Provincial Park.

With reference to Figure 2 identify three factors that could explain the high biodiversity in Ecuador.

State the ecological processes illustrated by the data in Figure 3.

Outline how four different factors influence the resilience of an ecosystem.

Using Figures 9(a) and 9(b), identify one feature of the round goby that shows it is an r-selected species.

With reference to Figures 1(b) and 1(c), identify the biome found at the highest altitude in Madagascar.

Outline the factors that contribute to total biodiversity of an ecosystem.

Suggest one reason for the zonation seen in Figure 5(b).

Outline one reason for the shape of the curve from part 3(a)(i) above.

Outline one climatic and one edaphic (soil) factor which affect the final climax community in an ecosystem.

Suggest two reasons why there are differences in the number of plant species found on Krakatau and Tarawera.

Outline two ecosystem services in a named biome.

Explain one factor that may make a species less prone to extinction.

With reference to Figures 6(a), 6(b), 6(c) and 7(b) identify two ways in which vegetation cover has changed over time in Iceland.

Draw a sketch graph showing a typical survivorship curve for a “K-strategist” species.

Figure 7 lists biomes and ecosystems in two different columns. Distinguish between a biome and an ecosystem.

Outline two ways in which the soil quality in the pioneer stages of the succession model shown in Figure 1 will differ from that in the climax ecosystem.

State the biome for the area shown in Figure 1(b).

Explain how regional differences in the hydrological cycle influence the formation of different biomes.

Outline two ways in which the food web is likely to change as a result of succession.

Outline two reasons why the species within pioneer communities in Figure 1 are more likely to be r-strategists than K-strategists.

Outline two reasons why the climax community in Figure 1 is more stable than the intermediate community.

Outline why estuaries are highly productive ecosystems.

Distinguish, using examples, between the processes of succession and zonation.

Explain the role of climate in the distribution and relative productivity of a named biome.

Distinguish between zonation and succession.

Define the term biome.

Discuss how global warming may affect the distribution and diversity of ecosystems.

Atmospheric and plate activity have affected the distribution and diversity of systems within the biosphere.

Explain the role that the atmosphere has in the distribution of biomes.

Explain the relationship between ecosystem stability, diversity and succession.

Outline whether an invasive species such as Mesquite is likely to be r-strategist or K-strategist.

Discuss the role of humans in the destabilization of ecological systems.