Referring to the photograph, briefly describe how people have adapted their clothing and transport in order to live in extreme cold environments.

Explain two causes of low rainfall in hot, arid environments.

Examine how tourism in one type of extreme environment has led to a wide range of adverse environmental impacts.

In each case, award [1] for identifying an aspect(s) of clothing/transport and [1] for describing why it is needed/linked to cold environments.

Possibilities for clothing are skins/heavy clothing/heavy boots/head protection/gloves [1] because of below-freezing temperatures/wind chill/might get frostbite/other specific point (do not accept “very cold” or “extreme cold”) [1].

Possibilities for transport are specific modifications including ski style transport/rugged construction/wide tracks [1] because of extensive/permanent snow cover/ice cover/permafrost [1].

In each case, award [1] for an identified cause of rainfall and up to [2] for the explanation, which may include [1] for an example.

Possibilities could include:

• latitude – dry descending air heated above dew point, absence of clouds ie anticyclonic conditions, the Hadley Cell
• continentality – large areas of dry land, due to wind blowing over large land areas
• rain shadow effect – air descends and warms on the leeward side of mountains
• cold, offshore currents – air is cooled travelling over cold water and is unable to hold moisture.

Diagrams should be given credit.

For example: Rain shadow effect [1] – the high ground forces air to rise where it cools and forms rain [1] and as it descends, it warms and dries [1].

Increased tourism activity in extreme environments has sometimes resulted in increased pressure on a delicate environment. Environmental impacts that might be explained can include mass movement, erosion and land degradation, water usage, vulnerability to hazards, loss of biodiversity, waste disposal issues. These impacts could in turn threaten social sustainability with further knock-on effects for the environment.

Good answers may do more than explain/list different, unconnected impacts. They may additionally examine the interrelations, complexity or timescale of different impacts, for instance by stressing the possible irreversibility of certain impacts (eg permafrost melting, desertification, species loss), or showing interrelated impacts eg how ecosystems are affected by water shortages, etc.

At band D, expect answers which describe some negative impacts of tourism for a recognizable extreme environment.

At band E expect either an explanation of a wider range of environmental impacts in named extreme area(s), or some critical examination of a narrower range of impacts.

At band F, expect both.

Marks should be allocated according to the markbands.