Define the health measure HALE and explain how it differs from life expectancy.

Analyse the advantages and disadvantages of two other indices (other than HALE) used to measure the health of populations.

Discuss the connections between affluence and health.

HALE (health-adjusted life expectancy) is based on current rates of life expectancy at birth [1 mark], but includes an adjustment for time spent in poor health (due to disease and/or injury) [1 mark]. It differs from life expectancy which estimates the number of years a person is likely to live, usually from birth [1 mark] according to current age-specific mortality rates [1 mark].

There may be alternative valid points which should be credited.

Suitable indices include infant mortality rate, child mortality rate, calorie intake, access to safe water and to health services. There are other possibilities.

Award 1 mark for each measurable health-related index, a further 1 mark for a valid advantage and 1 mark for a valid disadvantage of each one.

The interpretation of affluence ranges from a comfortable standard of living to one that involves high levels of resource consumption. It is expected that candidates will recognize the ways in which affluence may promote good health by providing sufficient funds to live comfortably, which may minimize stress and provide access to social and health services. Responses accessing bands E and F should recognize the negative side of affluence where excessive food consumption and sedentary life style may lead to obesity and degenerative diseases.

Although unspecified in the question, answers that offer examples and case studies to illustrate their answer are likely to be credited at band D or above.

Marks should be allocated according to the markbands.