Draw a labelled diagram to show the main features of an artesian basin.

Explain the environmental impacts caused by groundwater abstraction.

Evaluate the success of the management strategies used in one named wetland area.

A diagram of a basin [1 mark], labelled aquifer [1 mark].

Two other labels (1 mark each up to a maximum of 2 marks) could include:

• impermeable strata
• source area
• artesian well
• water table
• any other relevant feature.

Alternative diagrams to conventional cross-sections are equally acceptable.

Answers could include: explanations of falling water tables, ground subsidence, river discharge reduction, drying up of springs and wells, effects on wetlands, changes in groundwater quality, increased toxicity (for example, arsenic), effects on natural vegetation, intrusion of sea water.

A simple list of impacts with no explanation should not be awarded more than 2 marks. A list with some explanation should be credited more than 2 marks where appropriate.

At least two impacts could be explained in detail; more impacts in less detail are acceptable.

Responses will depend upon the wetland area chosen.

The wetland area should be named, located and described.

The reasons why management strategies are necessary in the named wetland should be clearly outlined.

The actual management strategies employed in the named wetland should be described. Possible strategies could include: creating national parks or sites of special scientific interest, habitat conservation, wetland extension, controlling or legislating against agricultural run-off, drainage, water management schemes, tourism.

To access markbands E and F, the success or failure of the strategies should be evaluated in terms of the benefits and problems that have resulted in named wetland areas.

Marks should be allocated according to the markbands.

In general, this was not done very well, however, a small minority knew it very well.

This question was answered with great detail. Candidates knew their material and showed a wide range of support and explanation.

The answers to this varied from the detailed evaluation of small-scale wetlands, for example, Wicken Fen in the UK, to large-scale ones such as the Kissimee restoration scheme in Florida. There was an impressive range of knowledge and understanding shown.