Identify one landform of glacial erosion in square 3415.

State the name of one U-shaped valley/trough shown on the map.

Estimate the length in kilometres of the walking track between the start of the walking track (footpath) at Highpark Wood (3116) to the summit of Helvellyn (3415).

State the height gained from the spot height in square 3315 to the triangulation pillar in square 3415.

Using map evidence, explain one reason, other than climate, why mining in this extreme environment is challenging.

Explain the formation of one feature or landform of glacial deposition.

Examine how the balance between challenges and opportunities affects economic activities in one or more extreme environments.

Pyramidal peak, corrie/cirque, arête, tarn [1]

Grisedale / Grisedale Beck / Glenridding / Thirlmere [1]

About 3 km (allow between 2.5 km and 3.5 km) [1] (units not needed for [1])

949 m – 859 m = 90 m

Possibilities include:

• height
• remoteness/inaccessibility
• low population of workers.

For example: Very steep slopes in 3514 [1] make vehicular access very expensive [1].

Specific reference to the map is needed for the award of the second mark.

Possible features include:

• moraine (lateral/terminal)
• eskers/kames
• outwash plain
• erratics.

Award [1] for naming a feature, up to [2] for description and up to [2] for explanation.

For example: A drumlin [1] is a smooth, elongated mound/hill of glacial till [1] formed when a glacier deposits its load in a valley/lowland area [1] due to changes in gradient/velocity [1].

If the economic benefits outweigh the costs of living in an extreme environment, then economic activities are likely to take place. Examples may include mining in the Arctic/hot desert areas, agriculture in hot, arid areas, tourism in any extreme environment.

Opportunities may occur where there are accessible mineral deposits, rivers providing irrigation, easily accessible aquifers, areas that attract tourists, areas of manufacturing, TNC development, areas of retirement, scientific research, areas where income overcomes challenges. Accept other reasons.

Other areas may have resources that are currently undeveloped, eg, oil in Greenland.

Challenges include adverse climate, remoteness, limited accessibility, low populations, protected lands.

Accept environmental degradation and social impact on local people as long as it is tied closely to economic activities.

Good answers should progress beyond simply agreeing with or rejecting the statement and discuss the validity of the statement, eg, opportunities always outweigh challenges if there is an important resource, etc. Good students may appreciate that challenges and opportunities vary over time and place. Alternatively, there may be recognition of the stakeholders involved, eg, indigenous peoples compared to large TNCs, and there may be possible conflict
between them.

At band D, expect some description of the opportunities and challenges of named economic activities in recognizable extreme environments.

At band E, expect either more detailed explanation of opportunities and challenges or a structured examination of the statement.

At band F, expect both of these elements.

Marks should be allocated according to the markbands.