Introduction to A.1 to A.7 and A.8 to A.10

The Chalcolithic Age, an era between the Stone Age and the Bronze Age, involved the use of copper for tools but they were generally only possessed by the higher members of society and, unlike stone and bronze (which had yet to be discovered), were too soft to be in general usage. The word chalcolithic derives from the Greek words for copper and stone.

Özti's tools

One of the great examples of the Chalcolithic Age is Özti the iceman. He lived around 3200 BC and when his remarkably preserved body was discovered in the Alps in 1991 it was found that he had with him a knife with a flint (stone) head and an axe made out of yew with a copper head.

We have come a long way since man first used metal (copper) for tools. Option A covers the chemistry of materials and includes much about modern materials, for example, composites, catalysts, Kevlar® and liquid crystals as well as some more traditional chemistry such as the production of aluminium. It is relevant to students and contains a mixture of memory work, deduction from information and various different types of calculations.

The core part of this option basically gives an introduction to the classification of materials and their properties then looks at the principles underlying the extraction of metals from their ores. There is a separate sub-topic on catalysts that includes factors affecting their choice and modes of action. This is followed by sub-topics on liquid crystals, polymers and nanotechnology. The final part of the core is concerned with the environmental impact of plastics. The Additional Higher Level part of this option looks at superconducting metals and brings in X-ray crystallography, including the use of the Bragg equation. Condensation polymers and the environmental impact of heavy metals make up the last two topics.

In common with the other three options this option contains the common four strands of quantitative, analytical, environmental and organic chemistry. These are not equally represented though. The only reference to analytical in the core is Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectroscopy together with Optical Emission Spectroscopy and/or Mass Spectrometry. You can use the data obtained from these techniques to calculate quantitative amounts of trace metals in a sample but you are not required to fully comprehend the underlying theory of these spectroscopic techniques. Calculations are also covered by the use of Faraday's laws as well as the quantitative determination of trace amounts of metals. At Higher Level the calculations are more complex involving the use of the Bragg equation and units cells and equilibrium calculations with heavy metals involving solubility products.