State the general characteristic common to muscle tissue that allows the muscle to stretch and return to its original resting length.

Identify the origin and insertion for the rectus femoris.

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the University of Washington. Musculoskeletal images are from the University of Washington ‘Musculoskeletal Atlas:
A Musculoskeletal Atlas of the Human Body” by Carol Teitz, M.D. and Dan Graney, Ph.D.]

Origin:

Insertion:

Describe the functions of ligaments and tendons in a joint such as the knee joint.

Distinguish between maximal oxygen consumption during cycling and arm ergometry.

Describe the process of oxygen exchange between the lungs and pulmonary capillaries at rest.

Outline the characteristics of hormones.

Describe how circulating hormone levels are regulated.

elasticity ✔

Origin: ilium ✔

Insertion: tibia «tibial tuberosity» ✔

tendons connect muscles to bones ✔

ligaments connect bones to bones ✔

ligaments and tendons stabilize joints ✔

tendons enable flexion and/ or extension of the joint✔

cycling produces higher maximal oxygen consumption/VO₂max values than arm ergometry ✔

Accept in the converse.

Gases/O₂ move from a high to low partial pressure / concentration gradient✔

Oxygen partial pressure is higher in the lungs than in the capillary
OR
oxygen/O₂ moves from the lungs/alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries ✔

Gases/O₂ diffuse across the membranes / into blood✔

The capillary and alveoli walls are 1 cell thick <which assists in the high rate of diffusion>✔

A large surface area increases diffusion rate✔

the amount and rate of gas exchange that occurs across the membrane depends on the partial pressure of O₂, the thickness of the wall and the surface area <which is Fick’s Law>✔

<98 %> oxygen combines with hemoglobin <to form oxyemoglobin>✔

secreted by endocrine glands «typically in short bursts but sometimes over longer period of time» ✔

communicate the regulation of «short term or long term» bodily functions ✔

specific to their receptor/target site ✔

most are carried in the blood ✔

regulated through a «negative» feedback loop mechanism ✔

regulated by signaling from the nervous system «adrenaline» ✔

regulated by the chemical changes in the blood «insulin» ✔

All candidates attempted this question, and overall performed very well. However, some candidates were confused with extensibility.

All candidates attempted this question. Many candidates outlined the terms origin and insertion which was not required for this question. Many candidates identified the answer as the pelvic girdle which was too vague. Many candidates identified the patella as the insertion point rather than the tibia.

This was generally answered very well, with many candidates relating their description to the knee specifically.

Most candidates answered this well.

This was a challenging question for many pupils. A large number of pupils discussed CO₂ rather than focusing on the exchange of oxygen. Some candidates discussed exchange of gases between the muscles and the capillaries. A large number of candidates discussed the passage of oxygen through the respiratory system. Unfortunately, all of these elements were not specific to the question and meant that they were having to use additional paper to complete their answer. Most candidates were able to identify that oxygen moves down a diffusion gradient from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries.

Many candidates were able to identify that hormones are secreted by endocrine glands and provided examples. Some candidates only provided one characteristic despite two marks being allocated to the question. Often candidates discussed how hormones were regulated despite 3eii.

Many candidates were able to identify negative feedback loop as a method of regulation. However, many candidates struggled to access the second mark.