Describe two methods of monitoring the hydration status of athletes.

Explain how antidiuretic hormone (ADH) helps conserve water when sweating during vigorous exercise.

monitoring of urine colour: darker colour indicates dehydration ✔

urine osmolarity measures the concentration of urine, which is affected by hydration ✔

variation in body mass loss/weight may be indicative of change in hydration ✔

a hydrometer measures the specific gravity of urine ✔

Award [1 max] for list.

sweating leads to reduced blood plasma ✔

loss of blood plasma results in increased blood osmolality ✔

increased blood osmolality stimulates the hypothalamus ✔

hypothalamus sends neural signal to the pituitary gland ✔

pituitary gland secretes ADH into the blood ✔

ADH acts on the kidneys, increasing water permeability of the renal tubules and collecting ducts ✔

ADH acting on the kidneys leads to increased reabsorption of water ✔

Straightforward, well prepared.

Reasonably well prepared, though sometimes superficial.