Identify the structures A, B and C in the diagram.

Define the term origin of a muscle.

Using an example of each, distinguish between isotonic and isometric muscle contractions.

Using anatomical terminology, state the location of the tibia relative to the femur.

Using anatomical terminology, state the location of the fibula relative to the tibia.

Using anatomical terminology, state the location of the patella relative to the tibia.

A: epimysium ✔
B: muscle fibre/muscle cell/endomysium ✔
C: perimysium/ «muscle» fascicle ✔

[3]

«often proximal» attachment of a muscle tendon to a stationary bone ✔

Must refer to stationary/non-moving/fixed end of the bone.

[1]

in an isotonic contraction, the joint angle / muscle length are changed whereas in an isometric contraction, the joint angle and muscle length remain stable ✔

example of isotonic contraction: eg dumbbell curl ✔

example of isometric contraction: eg handstand ✔

[3]

Inferior
OR
distal ✔

[1]

posterior
OR
lateral ✔

[1]

anterior
OR
proximal
OR
superior ✔

[1]

Many students answered this well, but there were candidates who confused isotonic and isometric contractions. By far the most common example of an isometric contraction was a plank and biceps curl for isotonic. There were a number of candidates who did not offer any examples missing two marks.

Most candidates were able to access all marks, but the question presented a challenge for the weaker students.

Most candidates were able to access all marks, but the question presented a challenge for the weaker students.

Most candidates were able to access all marks, but the question presented a challenge for the weaker students.