| Date | May 2021 | Marks available | 1 | Reference code | 21M.1.SL.TZ0.3 |
| Level | Standard Level | Paper | Paper 1 | Time zone | Time zone 0 |
| Command term | Outline | Question number | 3 | Adapted from | N/A |
Question
Figure 5(b): A family of Chukchi outside their yaranga in Siberia
The Chukchi are indigenous nomadic deer herders who live in yarangas all year round. The yaranga is made from poles of local wood covered in tree bark and animal skins. In winter, a deer skin canopy is added to the yaranga to improve insulation.
[Source: SPUTNIK / Alamy Stock Photo.]
Figure 5(c): A modern wooden house in an industrial city in Siberia
The house is made mostly from wood, according to local tradition, but with some brickwork and concrete foundations.
[Source: EMILIA/Shutterstock.com.]
With reference to Figures 5(b) and 5(c), outline one reason why the yaranga is more sustainable than the modern city house.
Markscheme
the yaranga uses fewer materials/resources/wood to construct than a modern city house;
the yaranga is made of entirely renewable materials, (the city house is not);
all yaranga materials are biodegradable/naturally recyclable, (some city house materials are not);
the city house has associated infrastructure roads/utility supplies etc., the yaranga does not;
production of concrete used in city house produces waste and chemical pollution;
the yaranga is mobile so no permanent destruction of habitat, (city house is not);
yaranga has smaller size;
yaranga is made from local materials, therefore less energy used in transport;
yaranga is made from local materials that are used sustainably;
yaranga may be better insulated/less heat loss;
Do not accept only ‘yaranga has a smaller ecological footprint’.
Do not accept only ‘yaranga made of wood/local/natural materials’.
Do not accept only ‘modern city houses use concrete/bricks/ man-made materials’.
For credit a reason much be given to why the materials used are more/less sustainable.
Examiners report
The majority of candidates gave a correct answer. There was a good variety of acceptable responses. A common error was to state yaranga was made of wood or local materials without explaining why this was more sustainable or that city houses were made of concrete, brick or man-made material without linking this to greater use of energy, production of waste or chemical pollution.
