Deduce the conclusions that can be drawn from the data in the graph.

Outline the relationship shown in the graph.

Calculate the total number of M. lucifugus flights that were recorded in the summer of 2007

Suggest one limitation of this recording method in determining the accurate mean number of individual bats flying.

Calculate the percentage decline in the mean number of M. lucifugus flights for 2009 when compared to 2008.

The North American beaver (Castor canadensis) was introduced to islands adjacent to Argentina and Chile where they have become an invasive species. Discuss one ecological criterion (a basis for deciding) whether beavers are harmful or helpful to the ecosystems there.

Identify the total percentage of honey samples contaminated with neonicotinoid pesticides in the continent with the lowest overall levels of contamination.

. . . . . . . . . . . . %

The graph shows the mean dry mass of mayflies relative to the water temperature in their habitats.

Using the graph, discuss evidence for the hypothesis that mayflies grow to greater dry mass in cooler water.

In an area of forest measuring 100 m by 100 m, samples were taken to estimate the number of silver maple (Acer saccharinum) trees in the forest. The number of trees counted in each of five areas of 400 m² was recorded.

Approximately how many silver maple trees are in the 10000m² area of forest?

A. 5

B. 25

C. 125

D. 625

The image shows a food web.

[Source: Adapted from Thompsma/Wikipedia]

Which organism in the food web is assigned to its method of nutrition?

A. A violet webcap fungus is both an autotroph and a heterotroph.

B. A pillbug is a secondary consumer.

C. Bacteria are saprotrophs.

D. A violet webcap fungus is a detritivore.

The three-toed sloth, Bradypus variegatus, lives in tree tops where it feeds on leaves. It also feeds on algae and fungi which live in its fur.

[Source: Image from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bradypus_variegatus.jpg. Christian Mehlführer.
Licensed under CC by 2.5 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/deed.en]

In which trophic group should the three-toed sloth be classified?

A. Autotroph

B. Consumer

C. Detritivore

D. Saprotroph

Based on the data and your biological knowledge, suggest how the infection could lead to premature death in a bat.

Suggest a reason for the effect of a diet reduced in acetylcholine on the larval survival rate.

Compare and contrast the effect of clothianidin and thiacloprid treatments on the concentration of acetylcholine in royal jelly.

The Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) is a photosynthetic plant. It obtains nitrogen but not energy by digesting captured insects.

Explain the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis in this mesocosm.

Discuss whether the data supports the hypothesis that the gradient in cyanogenesis is due to its benefits against herbivory in rural areas.

Which level(s) of ecological complexity involve(s) biotic factors but not abiotic factors?

I. Community

II. Ecosystem

III. Population

A. I only

B. II only

C. I and II only

D. I and III only

State the distance from the city centre at which the highest proportion of plants sampled contained HCN.

In 1789 Gilbert White, a naturalist, observed eight breeding pairs of swifts (Apus apus) in the English village of Selborne. On average, each pair of swifts produces two offspring per year. This would allow the population to rise to 1030 swifts over 200 years. A bird survey carried out in 1983 revealed only 12 breeding pairs in this village.

What could have prevented the numbers rising to 1030?

I.   The number of nesting sites remained the same.

II.  The food supply of the swifts remained constant.

III. Predatory birds in the area were exterminated.

A.  I only

B.  I and II only

C.  II and III only

D.  I, II and III

Using the data, outline the different use of thiamethoxam in North and South America.

Outline how chi-squared can be used to test for an association between the distributions of the two species.

Using all of the data so far, suggest whether exposure to freezing temperatures in the four cities is supported as a reason for the differences in HCN production in T. repens.

Deduce whether the pattern of cyanogenesis was the same in all of the areas around all four cities.

Outline the criteria that should be used to assess whether a group of organisms is a species.

Outline the relationship between date of death and the mean interval between hibernation emergence periods.

Distinguish between the patterns of hibernation of the uninfected and infected bats.

Using all of the data, predict the effect of WNS on bat populations.

Describe how detritivores obtain nutrition and the effects they have in ecosystems.

Discuss the need for international cooperation to solve the problems of declining coral populations.

Suggest two abiotic factors, other than temperature and nutrient supply, that may affect the production of biomass of the grasslands.

Suggest one reason, other than the interval between hibernation emergence periods, for some infected bats surviving longer than others.

Evaluate the conclusion that the decline in the population of M. lucifugus is due to infection by the fungus.

Discuss whether the data in the graph show that there is a causal link between the date of death and the interval between hibernation emergence periods.

Compare and contrast the trends for O. rufipogon and O. sativa indica.

Compare and contrast the design of both mesocosms (vertical flow and horizontal flow).

Describe the effect of temperature on the total biomass.