| Date | November 2016 | Marks available | 8 | Reference code | 16N.2.HL.TZ0.6 |
| Level | Higher level | Paper | Paper 2 | Time zone | TZ0 / no time zone |
| Command term | Explain | Question number | 6 | Adapted from | N/A |
Question
The human circulatory system is structured to serve the organs and tissues of the body efficiently.
Explain how circulation of the blood to the lungs and to other systems is separated in humans and what the advantages of this separation are.
Distinguish between the composition of the blood of the renal artery and the blood of the renal vein.
Markscheme
a. double circulation / pulmonary and systemic circulations
b. heart is a double pump / heart has separate pumps for lungs and other systems / left and right sides of heart are separate / no hole in heart (after birth)
c. deoxygenated blood pumped to the lungs and oxygenated to other organs/tissues/whole body (apart from lungs)
d. each side of the heart has an atrium and a ventricle
e. left ventricle/side pumps blood to the systems/tissues and right ventricle/side pumps blood to the lungs
f. left atrium receives blood from the lungs and right atrium receives blood from systems/tissues
g. left ventricle pumps blood via the aorta and right ventricle pumps blood via the pulmonary artery
h. left atrium receives blood via the pulmonary vein and right atrium receives blood via the vena cava
i. lungs require lower pressure blood / high pressure blood would damage lungs
j. high pressure required to pump blood to all systems/tissues apart from lungs
k. pressure of blood returning from lungs not high enough to continue to tissues / blood has to be pumped again after returning from lungs
l. oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood kept separate / all tissues receive blood with high oxygen content/saturation
Points may be earned using an annotated diagram.
a. less urea/excretory waste products/creatinine in renal vein
b. less oxygen in the renal vein
c. more carbon dioxide in renal vein
d. less glucose in renal vein
e. concentration of sodium ions/chloride ions/pH at normal level in the renal vein whereas it is variable in renal artery
f. solute concentration/osmolarity/water balance at normal level in the renal vein whereas it is variable in renal artery
Allow answers in a table format. For all these mark points accept the converse as long as it is clear whether the artery or vein has the higher amount.
Answers relating to volume and pressure are not relevant to the question.
Examiners report
Syllabus sections
- 17M.1.SL.TZ2.26: The diagram shows the human heart. Which shows the sequence of blood flow in the...
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22M.1.SL.TZ2.26:
The light micrograph shows two blood vessels, an artery and a vein, in transverse section.
[Source: Columbia Center for New Media Teaching and Learning, n.d. Epithelium: Simple Squamous Epithelium. [image online] Available at: http://www.columbia.edu/itc/hs/medical/sbpm_histology_old/lab/lab02_squamous.html [Accessed 29 November 2019].]
What explains the different shapes of these blood vessels?
A. Arteries do not have valves.
B. Muscle cells are found only in the walls of veins.
C. Arteries have a larger lumen-to-wall thickness ratio.
D. There are fewer elastic fibres in the walls of veins.
- 17M.2.SL.TZ2.1c.i: State the time when the point of fatigue occurred in the Epi–exercise group.
- 22M.1.SL.TZ1.25: Which structures are part of the walls of both capillaries and veins? I. Cells II....
- 19M.1.SL.TZ2.25: What causes the atrioventricular valves to close during a heartbeat? A. Pressure in the...
- 22M.1.SL.TZ2.25: Changes in heart rate occur during and after a period of exercise. Which structure...
- 17M.2.SL.TZ2.1c.ii: Compare and contrast the results for the water–no exercise group and the Epi–no exercise group.
- 18M.1.HL.TZ1.6: How are fats and cholesterol transported in the blood? A. As groups of molecules inside...
- 17M.1.SL.TZ1.26: In which blood vessel connected to the heart does blood have the lowest carbon dioxide...
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21N.2.SL.TZ0.4c:
State one function of epinephrine in the human body.
- 18N.2.SL.TZ0.4b: Explain how the circulatory system is able to transport the blood under high pressure from...
- 18N.2.SL.TZ0.4a: Label X and Y on the diagram of the heart.
- 19M.1.HL.TZ2.30: What observation did William Harvey use as evidence for the circulation of blood? A. The...
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17N.1.SL.TZ0.25:
The diagram shows red blood cells and undifferentiated tissue cells.
[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2017]
Diffusion of oxygen from blood cells to tissue cells is represented by arrow 3 in the diagram.
What molecules are shown diffusing by arrow 1 and arrow 2?
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17N.3.SL.TZ0.03b:
Distinguish between the vein and the artery with reference to structures visible in the micrograph.
- 17M.1.SL.TZ1.29: What helps to keep blood flowing onwards away from the heart in an artery? A. Valves B....
- 17M.1.SL.TZ2.25: What is a feature of the left atrium? A. Epinephrine decreases its rate of contraction. B....
- 21M.1.SL.TZ1.30: Which reaction occurs in blood clotting?
- 17M.1.SL.TZ2.27: The bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes infections related to the human reproductive...
- 17M.2.SL.TZ2.1a.i: State the significance of the statement: p<0.05.
- 19M.2.SL.TZ1.3b: Explain how valves control the flow of blood through the heart.
- 18M.1.HL.TZ1.21: When intense physical activity is anticipated, which factor in the blood will increase the...
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19M.2.SL.TZ1.3a.ii:
On the diagram, label the right atrium.
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18M.2.SL.TZ1.3b:
Distinguish between the structure of arteries and the structure of veins.
- 17M.1.SL.TZ1.21: Cladograms can be created by comparing DNA or protein sequences. The cladogram on the left is...
- 21M.1.SL.TZ1.27: What is a property of arteries? A. Arteries have elastic walls. B. Arteries have...
- 21M.1.SL.TZ2.25: The diagram shows changes in pressure in the left atrium, left ventricle and aorta during a...
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19M.2.SL.TZ1.3a.i:
On the diagram, label the aorta.
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22M.1.HL.TZ1.21:
The image shows the changes in heart rate of an athlete during exercise.
[Source: Liddle, P.F., 2010. Heart Rate Variability (HRV) during exercise. [online] Available at: https://canute1.wordpress.com/2010/07/ [Accessed 1 August 2019].]
What is likely to have occurred between 0 and 4 minutes and between 24 and 28 minutes?
- 22M.2.HL.TZ1.1a: Estimate the difference between the highest and lowest mean body temperatures.
- 22M.2.HL.TZ1.1b: Compare and contrast the changes in mean ambient and body temperatures during 2012.
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22M.2.HL.TZ1.1c:
Explain the change in heart rate during the period of hibernation.
- 20N.1.HL.TZ0.21: What happens in the heart when epinephrine is secreted into the blood? I. Pressure in the...
- 18M.1.SL.TZ1.25: Which vessel carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart? A. Aorta B. Pulmonary...
- 17M.2.SL.TZ2.1d: Discuss the effect of exercise on the results of the experiment.
- 21M.1.HL.TZ1.19: An individual was presented with a stimulus resulting in the release of epinephrine. What was...
- 18N.2.SL.TZ0.4c: The heart responds quickly to physical activity. Describe how heart rate is controlled to...
- 19M.3.SL.TZ1.3a: Identify the type of blood vessels shown in the diagram.
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20N.3.SL.TZ0.2b:
State one feature of the rings that has to be kept constant apart from their initial diameter.
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19N.1.SL.TZ0.26:
The diagram shows the human heart.
[Source: adapted to remove labels and arrows, recoloured and relabelled from Wapcaplet/
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diagram_of_the_human_heart_(cropped).svg]After a red blood cell picks up oxygen in the lungs, which sequence shows the path it could take when passing through the heart during its circuit of the body?
A. I → II → III → IV
B. II → I → IV → III
C. IV → III → I → II
D. IV → III → II → I
- 17M.2.SL.TZ2.1a.ii: Outline the trends in capillary density in the results of this experiment.
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16N.2.SL.TZ0.6a:
Outline the exchange of materials between capillaries and tissues.
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16N.2.SL.TZ0.6b:
Explain the structures and functions of arteries and veins.
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21N.2.SL.TZ0.4a:
This micrograph shows a transverse section of an artery.
[Source: OpenStax College, 2013. Comparison of artery and vein. [image online] Available at:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2102_Comparison_of_Artery_and_Vein.jpg Attribution 3.0 Unported
(CC BY 3.0) https:/creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en [Accessed 11 March 2020].]Explain how the specialized structures of arteries help them to achieve their functions.
- 19M.3.SL.TZ1.3b: Deduce what the experiment demonstrated about the circulation of blood.
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19M.2.HL.TZ2.3a:
The graph shows blood pressure changes on the left side of the heart during one heartbeat. Identify the two parts of the circulatory system that produce traces I and II on the graph.
[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]
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20N.3.SL.TZ0.2c:
Explain the differences between the results shown for vein and artery.
- 17M.2.HL.TZ1.1f.ii: Suggest a reason for the greater expression of the gene for the urea transporter after an...
-
20N.3.SL.TZ0.2a:
State the independent and dependent variables in this experiment.
Independent:
Dependent:
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21N.1.HL.TZ1.24:
The image shows the four chambers of the mammalian heart viewed from the ventral side. The sinoatrial node is located in the wall of one of these chambers. Which chamber is it?
[Source: Anatomy Corner, n.d. [Elk heart]. [image online] Available at: http://anatomycorner.com/main/image-gallery/elk-heart/
[Accessed 23 March 2020].] - 20N.1.SL.TZ0.25: What feature of arteries is most important in maintaining sufficiently high blood...
- 17M.2.SL.TZ1.1c: Estimate how much smaller drilled oysters raised in seawater at a high CO2 concentration were...
- 19M.1.SL.TZ1.26: Which feature of capillaries distinguishes them from arteries and veins? A. Narrow...
- 21M.1.SL.TZ1.29: What blood flow does the right semilunar valve prevent? A. Backflow of blood to the right...
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19M.1.HL.TZ1.20:
Which diagram represents blood flow through the mammalian heart?
[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]
- 19M.1.SL.TZ2.24: What is an advantage of capillary walls being one cell thick in the systemic circulation? A....
- 19M.2.HL.TZ1.6b: Describe the functions of valves in the mammalian heart.
- 19N.2.HL.TZ0.7c: Explain the control mechanism of the heart rate.
- 16N.1.SL.TZ0.25: What is the position of heart valves when blood pressure is highest in the aorta?
![https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diagram_of_the_human_heart_(cropped).svg]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diagram_of_the_human_heart_(cropped).svg%5D){kind=link}
