Compare and contrast the impact of tensions between indigenous people and settlers in Australia and New Zealand up to the end of the 19th century.

The question requires that candidates give an account of the similarities and differences between Australia and New Zealand in terms of the impact of tensions between indigenous people and settlers up to the end of the 19th century, referring to both throughout. There does not need to be an equal number of each. Impacts may extend beyond the timeframe but they must be clearly linked to the issue raised in the question. Similarities may include the outbreak of conflict between indigenous people and settlers over access to grazing/pastureland. Similarly, open warfare broke out in both countries, with the Black War in Tasmania leading to the virtual extermination of the island’s indigenous population. There were also numerous unlawful killings of Aboriginal people, collectively characterized as “massacres”. The New Zealand Wars (Māori Wars) (1845–1872) were the ultimate expression of tensions in this country. Contrasts may include the fact that, while the New Zealand Wars ended with Māori land being confiscated under the New Zealand Settlements Act, some progress was made in the aftermath of the conflict – for example, a small number of Māori were elected to Parliament in 1868, and Māori adult males were given the vote. In contrast, the equivalent would not occur in Australia until the 20th century. A further contrast could be the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi (even though its status was later disputed), where no equivalent treaty was signed in Australia.