Evaluate the impact of the Crusades in the Middle East.

The question requires that the candidates make an appraisal of the impact of the Crusades on the Middle East. Consequences may extend beyond the timeframe but they must be clearly linked to the issue raised in the question. Candidates may refer to the human and material costs of war on the region. Muslim political disunity was increased in the early stages and the power of opponents such as the Byzantine Empire was expanded. Ultimately, opposition to the Crusades led to an expansion of Muslim power under powerful leaders such as Saladin, which unified the region and eliminated the influence of the West and the Byzantine Empire. The Muslim world developed extensive commercial connections with the West, which expanded its wealth and influence. In addition, the Muslim world gained respect in Europe as a source of scientific and technological knowledge as well as other intellectual advancements. Candidates’ opinions or conclusions will be presented clearly and supported by appropriate evidence.