Examine the impact of technological developments on the practice of war.

The question requires that candidates consider the interrelationship between technological developments and the practice of war. Impact may extend beyond the timeframe but it must be clearly linked to the issue raised in the question. Although specific wars may be discussed, this is not a requirement and candidates may refer more broadly to technological developments. Candidates may examine the impact of gunpowder, which rendered cavalry and other troops vulnerable to muskets and light cannon. New firearms technology was decisive in wars against the Delhi sultanate and the Sur dynasty, in the Ethiopian–Adal War and in wars between the Ottomans and the Mamluks and Hungarians. Because firing flintlock muskets required little skill, huge firearms formations were enabled which needed massive logistical support. Siege warfare became more common in, for example, the Thirty Years’ War, the Dutch Revolt and Ireland. Fortifications, with low, sloping walls, were developed. Candidates may examine naval warfare where, after initial broadsides from modern cannon, hand-to-hand combat still prevailed. Candidates’ opinions or conclusions will be presented clearly and supported by appropriate evidence.

The question required that candidates consider the interrelationship between technological developments and the practice of war. A few responses seen demonstrated some relevant knowledge of technological developments appropriate to the period of 1500–1750.