| Date | May 2022 | Marks available | 2 | Reference code | 22M.1.BP.TZ0.13 |
| Level | Both SL and HL | Paper | Paper 1 - first exams 2017 | Time zone | TZ0 |
| Command term | What | Question number | 13 | Adapted from | N/A |
Question
Source M Tom Lodge, a professor of history, writing in the academic book Mandela: A Critical Life (2006).
Even though several African National Congress (ANC) leaders, including Nelson Mandela, had at least thought about the possibility of an armed offensive against apartheid for several years, they still encountered considerable opposition to their proposal. At the end of June 1961, Mandela argued his case at a meeting of the ANC’s National Working Committee … Albert Luthuli was reluctantly persuaded [by Mandela] to approve the establishment of a new military organisation called the MK (Umkhonto we Sizwe – “Spear of the Nation”) that would function separately from the ANC, although ultimately it would be subject to the ANC’s authority … Mandela suggested the name for the new organisation: “we must have an African name” he said … It was agreed that Mandela would form the MK and appoint his own staff. For the time being, it was decided, the MK would engage only in very carefully controlled sabotage operations designed to avoid any casualties … Mandela was not a direct participant in any of the sabotage … [The ANC decided] to send Mandela abroad to persuade African governments to help with weapons and training facilities that the MK would need.
[Sources: Tom Lodge, Mandela A Critical Life © Tom Lodge 2006. Reproduced with permission of the Licensor through PLSclear.
Matthew, Joe (1994) Interview with Philip Bonner, Cape Town, 18 August 1994. Transcript held at the William Cullen Library, University of the Witwatersrand.]
Source N Photograph of an anti-apartheid demonstration outside the court in Pretoria in support of Nelson Mandela and his colleagues on the day of the Rivonia Trial verdict in 1964. The sign reads “Our future is bright”.
[Source: AP Images/ANP.]
What, according to Source M, was the role of Nelson Mandela in the formation of the MK?
What does Source N suggest about support for Nelson Mandela?
Markscheme
- He persuaded Albert Luthuli to agree to its formation.
- He suggested the name for the new organization.
- He appointed his own staff.
- He went abroad to get help with weapons and training.
The above material is an indication of what candidates may elect to write about in their responses. It is neither prescriptive nor exhaustive and no set answer is required. Award [1] for each relevant point up to a maximum of [3].
- Mandela’s support was diverse.
- The large crowd suggests a degree of popular support.
- Mandela's supporters were optimistic about the future.
The above material is an indication of what candidates may elect to write about in their responses. It is neither prescriptive nor exhaustive and no set answer is required. Award [1] for each relevant point up to a maximum of [2].
Examiners report
The majority of candidates identified three clear points from the content of the source and there were several valid points that could be drawn. However, there were a number of scripts that gave only two developed points or repeated the same point. A minority offered only one limited point and on occasion did not address the question. Again, in some cases responses offered extensive background or contextual information outside of the source. Candidates who provided unnecessarily lengthy answers for the first question often had timing issues in the final stages of the exam.
Most candidates were awarded full marks for this question as they had offered two valid points on what the visual source suggested. For example, for 9b) that there was some form of collaboration between Japan and Germany and that the attack was part of a wider global strategy, or for 13b) that the photograph revealed that support for Mandela was diverse and that his supporters were optimistic about the future.
