“Leaders were the most significant factor in determining the outcome of Early Modern wars.” Discuss with reference to two wars, each from a different region.

The question requires that candidates offer a considered and balanced review of the statement that leaders were the most significant factor in determining the outcome of Early Modern wars. The two wars must be from different regions. Candidates may discuss leadership as being key in terms of military organization and/or strategy or the role of political leadership in determining the outcome of wars. Suleiman may be discussed as a leader whose state experienced significant military success under his rule. Candidates may discuss the role of leaders in impacting morale and inspiring troops, for example the role of Popé in the Pueblo Revolt. Responses may also consider the failures of leaders or examples of poor leadership as playing a key role in the outcome of Early Modern wars. Other relevant factors may be addressed, for example technology and troops, both in reference to quality and/or quantity, geographic factors, including terrain and weather, or supply issues. Candidates’ opinions or conclusions will be presented clearly and supported by appropriate evidence.

The question required candidates to offer a considered and balanced review of the statement that leaders were the most significant factor in determining the outcome of Early Modern wars. Very few responses were seen.