Examine the importance of invasion and settlement for the expansion of two dynasties/kingdoms.

The question requires that candidates consider the interrelationship between invasion and settlement and the expansion of two dynasties/kingdoms, which may or may not be chosen from different regions. Candidates may examine the expansion of territory controlled by the Vikings, who raided and subsequently settled areas of Britain, France and Greenland. Reference may also be made to the establishment of trading centres along the Volga with the focus less on settlement than economic gain. The expansion of Berber dynasties along the northern coast of Africa and that of the ‘Abbasids into Spain may be examined. Other examples such as the expansion of the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan, when invasion did not necessarily lead to settlement by these nomadic tribes, may be examined. Candidates’ opinions conclusions will be presented clearly and supported by appropriate evidence.

The question required candidates to consider the interrelationship between invasion and settlement and the expansion of two dynasties/kingdoms, which may or may not be chosen from different regions. Very few responses were seen.