Evaluate the impact of the 1889 Constitution on Japan.

The question requires that candidates make an appraisal of the impact of the 1889 Constitution on Japan by weighing up its importance or otherwise regarding political, economic, military, social or cultural outcomes, but these need not all be covered or covered equally. They may contextualize the 1889 Constitution within the reforms of the Meiji period. Candidates may refer to it being mainly based on the German model with the emperor retaining a veto, supreme command of the military, and some judicial powers. Candidates may identify that this limited constitutional monarchy had a small electorate and, consequently, considerable power remained with the genro. They may also consider its impact with regard to civil rights and dissent as well as the resurgence of militarism in the 1890s and beyond. Other relevant factors may be addressed, for example Japanese expansionism in the early 20th century, but with a focus on the issue in the question. Candidates’ opinions or conclusions will be presented clearly and supported by appropriate evidence.

The question required that candidates make an appraisal of the impact of the 1889 Constitution on Japan. A relatively popular question. There were some outstanding responses to this question that showed an in-depth knowledge of the constitution and its impact. However, many candidates needed more focus on the constitution as they tended to drift into lengthy discussions about the Meiji Reforms.