Compare and contrast the contributions of Rizal and Aguinaldo to the development of nationalism in the Philippines.

The question requires that candidates give an account of the similarities and differences between the contributions of Rizal and Aguinaldo to the development of nationalism in the Philippines, referring to both throughout. There does not need to be an equal mention of each. Both Rizal and Aguinaldo are recognized as heroes in the independence struggle, and both either founded or led organizations which threatened Spanish rule. Rizal attacked the colonial system through his novels and dissociated himself from violence (as shown in the aims of his La Liga Filipina) and yet his martyrdom was an inspiration to Bonifacio and the Katipuneros. In contrast, Aguinaldo came to nationalism through public office, and then as leader of the Katipunan, who engaged in armed conflict, fighting wars against Spain and the US, and formulated the Malolos constitution. It may be argued that Rizal’s reputation was undamaged, whereas Aguinaldo, arguably with no option, surrendered Filipino independence after defeat in the American War. Candidates’ opinions or conclusions will be presented clearly and supported by appropriate evidence.