Evaluate the consequences of the shift of power from Syria to Iraq.

The question requires that candidates make an appraisal of the consequences of the shift of power from Syria to Iraq, weighing up its importance or limitations. Candidates may refer to the shift of the capital from Damascus to Baghdad which symbolized a new cultural centre closer to Iranian civilization. There was an increase in Sassanid/Iranian influence in the government; Sassanid models were used for ceremonials and administrative structures. A standing army on the Iranian model was formed to replace traditional tribal levies. These developments served to diminish Arab influence in government and the capital. The location of Baghdad at the Tigris and Euphrates rivers increased trade and trade routes throughout the empire and made it a meeting point for scholars from East and West, which contributed to the development of the Golden Age of Islam. Other relevant factors may be addressed such as the continuation of Umayyad autocracy and relations with the Byzantine Empire but with a focus on the issue raised in the question. Candidates’ opinions and conclusions will be presented clearly and supported by appropriate evidence.