| Date | November 2020 | Marks available | 2 | Reference code | 20N.1.BP.TZ0.1 |
| Level | Both SL and HL | Paper | Paper 1 - first exams 2017 | Time zone | TZ0 |
| Command term | What | Question number | 1 | Adapted from | N/A |
Question
Source B James W Glass, an American painter, depicts Richard the Lionheart in the historical scene Richard, Coeur de Lion [Lionheart], on his way to Jerusalem (1854).
[Source: Image provided courtesy of the Art Renewal Center©, ARC, www.artrenewal.org.]
Source D Jean Flori, an historian specializing in the Crusades, writing in the academic book Richard the Lionheart: King and Knight (2006).
So, if we are to believe him [Richard I], it was to avoid the dishonour of a defeat for the whole army that Richard refused to lead the crusader army to the walls of Jerusalem. Instead, he proposed an expedition against Egypt. The matter was put before the council of barons, which consisted of twenty men. To the immense despair of the majority of crusaders, the council opted for the overland expedition to Egypt, supported by a fleet stationed off the coast. The advice of the local lords had been taken, which confirmed the strategic logic of Richard’s choice in their eyes. But it was profoundly shocking to many of the crusaders and, once again, the French went their own way. Hugh, Duke of Burgundy, seized the opportunity to spread defamatory [offensive] stories about the King of England and songs accusing him of cowardice … The army was deeply divided and, in these circumstances, all idea of taking Jerusalem had to be abandoned. It was a failure both for the crusaders and for Richard, whose prestige was badly damaged. Worse, he must have wondered whether he had lost out on both fronts: by agreeing to remain in the Holy Land until the following Easter, he had seriously endangered the future of his empire in the West, leaving the field clear for his brother John, without the compensation of the successes he had counted on in the East.
[Source: Jean Flori, Richard the Lionheart. Copyright © 2006 by Edinburgh Univerity Press Ltd. Reproduced with
permission of the Licensor through PLSclear.]
What, according to Source D, were the consequences of Richard I’s refusal to take Jerusalem?
What does Source B suggest about Richard I’s march towards Jerusalem?
Markscheme
- The decision was profoundly shocking to many crusaders.
- This provoked divisions amongst the crusaders.
- Richard I’s prestige was damaged by defamatory stories and songs.
- Richard I endangered the future of his empire in the West.
The above material is an indication of what candidates may elect to write about in their responses. It is neither prescriptive nor exhaustive and no set answer is required. Award [1] for each relevant point up to a maximum of [3].
- Richard I led the march to Jerusalem.
- The King was accompanied by numerous followers.
- There were Arabs involved in the march.
The above material is an indication of what candidates may elect to write about in their responses. It is neither prescriptive nor exhaustive and no set answer is required. Award [1] for each relevant point up to a maximum of [2].
Examiners report
Many candidates succeeded in identifying three valid points from the source. However, as seen in previous sessions, a few candidates rolled points together, or repeated the same point more than once. There were also cases where the response lacked clarity, or where only one or two distinct points were offered. It is important to remind candidates that three separate points are required for full marks and these should be derived from the content of the source rather than background knowledge.
Most candidates offered at least one clear point regarding what the visual source revealed, with many able to identify two valid points. It was pleasing to encounter responses that explored the different elements of the source, for example the ironic nature of the cartoon in Source J in PS3. Nevertheless, a proportion of candidates gave only one developed point. Candidates should be guided to look for different elements and dynamics in the visual sources.
