“Enlightenment ideas had little impact on politics.” Discuss with reference to two of the following: Germany, England, Scotland, France, Spain, the Dutch Republic or Italy.

The question requires that candidates offer a considered and balanced review of the extent to which Enlightenment ideas changed political activity/structures in their chosen exemplars. There may be discussion as to whether these ideas altered attitudes to social inequality and ultimately contributed to a revolution as was perhaps the case in France. In other exemplars anti-clericalism reduced the power and influence of the church. Arguably, Enlightenment ideas contributed to the emergence of an educated and prosperous middle class in many countries, who felt it was their right to participate in politics. Some may argue that this educated bourgeoisie meant that rulers/governments had to consider public opinion. The importance of scientific ideas also had some impact on politics, there was a growing expectation that political power should be implemented rationally and effectively. Some might argue that Enlightenment ideas had very limited impact in many states even where the ruler was interested in Enlightenment ideas, such as Frederick the Great in Prussia, as the political structure was unchanged. Candidates’ opinions or conclusions will be presented clearly and supported by appropriate evidence.

The question required that candidates offer a considered and balanced review of the statement that Enlightenment ideas had little impact on politics, with reference to two of the following: Germany, England, Scotland, France, Spain, the Dutch Republic or Italy.