Compare and contrast the rule of Philip the Bold (Philip II) and Charles the Bold.

The question requires that candidates give an account of the similarities and differences in the reigns of the two rulers of ducal Burgundy. Philip was appointed Duke in 1363 with Burgundy remaining an appanage of France. Charles became Duke in 1467. Candidates may refer to the fact that both sought to increase Burgundian territory: Philip often through marriage, he acquired the counties of Burgundy, Artois and Flanders. Charles attempted to increase Burgundy’s power through various military campaigns that were of limited success. Both encouraged merchants to trade actively to increase the wealth of Burgundy. Candidates may argue that the most significant difference between the two was in their relationship with France. Philip, as a French prince, was happy for the duchy to be linked to the French crown and much of his focus was on events in France. He was regent for Charles VI and he was determined to keep the Orleans branch of the Valois family from power. In contrast Charles wanted complete independence from France and was involved in various campaigns against France to achieve this. Candidates’ opinions or conclusions will be presented clearly and supported by appropriate evidence.

The question required that candidates give an account of the similarities and differences in the reigns of the two rulers of ducal Burgundy.