Evaluate the impact of “indigenismo” in two countries of the Americas.

The question requires that candidates make an appraisal of “indigenismo”, weighing up its strengths and limitations in two countries of the Americas. “Indigenismo” was a movement that advocated for a dominant social and political role for indigenous populations, particularly in those countries where they were a majority. Candidates may argue that during the second half of the 19th century “indigenismo” was a response to the policies taken by the new states to counteract their attempt to assimilate the indigenous populations and to prevent the deterioration in their standards of living. This situation changed during the first half of the 20th century when the ideological message of “indigenismo” influenced the state policies in many countries, as well as the arts, literature and social sciences. Candidates may choose the examples of Mexico or Peru where “indigenismo” had a profound impact. In Mexico, the movement began with the revolution in 1911, and in Peru it influenced the Aprista movement. It was also strong in Bolivia and Brazil. Conversely, in countries like Colombia, Argentina, Ecuador and Guatemala, “indigenismo” had a more limited impact or remained a marginal phenomenon. Candidates’ opinions or conclusions will be presented clearly and supported by appropriate evidence.

The question required that candidates make an appraisal of "indigenismo", weighing up its strengths and limitations in two countries of the Americas.