Evaluate the rule of the Braganza in Portuguese America.

The question requires that candidates make an appraisal of the Braganza rule in Portuguese America, weighing up its strengths and limitations. Candidates may reference as strengths the establishment of an Overseas Council to better control the colonies, the ability to better defend and regain territory (like the regaining of Pernambuco from Dutch control), and the discovery of gold and diamonds that increased the resources of the dynasty. Candidates may also refer to the Pombaline reforms, which improved production and trade between Portugal and the colonies, boosted the Brazilian economy and centralised decisions and taxes. As limitations, candidates may refer to the conflicts with military divisions and the expansion of a new local elite in Brazil that challenged the Braganza policies. Other relevant factors may be addressed, for example the political conflicts and competitions in Portugal that allowed for a stronger local administration in Rio de Janeiro. Candidates’ opinions or conclusions will be presented clearly and supported by appropriate evidence.

The question required that candidates make an appraisal of the Braganza rule in Portuguese America, weighing up its strengths and limitations.