Discuss the economic reasons for expansion by two Early Modern states, each chosen from a different region.

The question requires that candidates offer a considered and balanced review of the economic reasons for expansion by two Early Modern states. The two states must be from different regions. Reasons discussed may predate the timeframe, but they must be clearly linked to the issue raised in the question. Responses may consider expansion that was motivated by the desire to increase land holdings/territory, one example of which is the acquisition of natural resources including arable land. The expansion of the Ottoman and Safavid Empires and the early Qing dynasty may serve as examples. The role of joint-stock companies in the colonization of North America or the Spanish conquistadors’ motivations to gain territory and resources will be common examples. Responses may also consider expansion that was driven by the desire to acquire additional population as a work force, for taxation or as a market for the sale of goods. Expansion which was motivated by the desire to gain economically strategic areas (for example ports, passes) would be another viable topic for discussion. Candidates’ opinions or conclusions will be presented clearly and supported by appropriate evidence.

The question required that candidates offer a considered and balanced review of the economic reasons for expansion by two Early Modern states. There were very few responses seen.