Examine the role of religion in the maintenance of ‘Abbasid rule.

Candidates will consider the interrelationship between religion and the maintenance of ‘Abbasid rule. Reasons and results may predate or extend beyond the timeframe, but they must be clearly linked to the issue raised in the question. Candidates may refer to the role of religion in the ‘Abbasid rise to power. Caliphs retained popular support by emphasizing the religious nature of the dynasty and support from religious leaders. Caliphs justified their power by claiming their possession of divine right to rule. Islam helped unite a large and ethnically diverse Empire. Other relevant factors may be considered, for example the role of religion in weakening ‘Abbasid power. The growth of religious dissent undermined ‘Abbasid rule as the Fatimids used their views to create powerful opposition. The tension between Sunni and Shi’a followers was a source of conflict and division. Candidates’ opinions or conclusions will be presented clearly and supported by appropriate evidence.