“The Wars of the Roses were caused by a crisis of royal authority.” Discuss.

The question requires that candidates offer a considered and balanced review of the causes of the Wars of the Roses. Discussion should focus on the issue of a “crisis”. Candidates may discuss the “weak rule” of Henry VI, his military failure, his counsellors and discontent with ineffective government (Cade’s Rebellion) suggesting a “crisis”. Popular discontent was less of an issue for Edward IV but there was some (Robin of Redesdale). The succession of Edward V as a minor could be seen as a crisis allowing Gloucester to take the throne. The disappearance of the Princes was a crisis for Richard III and his dubious claim provided an opportunity for Henry Tudor to invade. Others may argue that the factions in politics caused problems and conflict for both Henry VI and Edward IV, with Margaret of Anjou trying to save the Lancastrian dynasty and Edward dealing with problems caused by powerful nobles (Warwick). Factional rivalry was also an issue between 1483 and 1485. Candidates may agree, partly agree or disagree with the statement.