| Date | November 2019 | Marks available | 2 | Reference code | 19N.1.BP.TZ0.13 |
| Level | Both SL and HL | Paper | Paper 1 - first exams 2017 | Time zone | TZ0 |
| Command term | What | Question number | 13 | Adapted from | N/A |
Question
The sources and questions relate to case study 2: Apartheid South Africa (1948–1964) — Protests and action: Official response: the Rivonia Trial (1963–1964) and the imprisonment of the ANC leadership.
Source M
Timothy Juckes, a professor of psychology, writing in the general history book Opposition in South Africa: The Leadership of ZK Matthews, Nelson Mandela and Stephen Biko (1995).
When the Defiance Campaign had failed to win concessions from the government, and instead precipitated [advanced] further repressive legislation, the society was further polarized and Mandela saw the need to prepare the ANC for a period of underground organization. Now, the government crackdown that began with the treason arrests in 1956 and accelerated after Sharpeville had removed opposition leaders, outlawed opposition organizations and left people frustrated, demanding militancy from their leaders. Conditions in the country demanded either submission to the power of the state or resistance through an underground organization. Furthermore, if the ANC did not coordinate a violent struggle, suggestions that some frustrated people in urban areas might resort to random, unorganized violence might be realized, and this could lead to uncontrolled civil strife [chaos].
The activists, therefore, justified the expansion of their opposition to include armed resistance. As Mandela argued, “fifty years of non-violence had brought the African people nothing but more and more repressive legislation ... all channels of peaceful protest had been barred to us”.
[Source: republished with permission of ABC-CLIO, LLC, from Opposition in South Africa: the leadership of Z.K. Matthews,
Nelson Mandela, and Stephen Biko, Tim J. Juckes, 1995; permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc.]
Source N
Leslie Illingworth, a political cartoonist, depicts the outcome of the Rivonia trial in the cartoon “There, I think that’ll hold him” for the British newspaper the Daily Mail (15 June 1964). The characters to the right of the picture are a judge (holding a paper with the words “Mandela Judgement”), the South African prime minister, and a policeman.
[Source: Daily Mail]
Why, according to Source M, did the opposition resort to violence?
What does Source N suggest about the situation of the ANC in 1964?
Markscheme
- Peaceful protest had failed.
- Government actions had become increasingly oppressive.
- People were frustrated and demanded that their leaders take a more militant approach.
- ANC leaders were concerned that there would be random and uncontrolled unrest if they did not organize the violent struggle.
The above material is an indication of what candidates may elect to write about in their responses. It is neither prescriptive nor exhaustive and no set answer is required. Award [1] for each relevant point up to a maximum of [3].
- The ANC had to contend with state repression.
- The ANC was weakened by the Rivonia Trial.
- The ANC could not be held down for long.
The above material is an indication of what candidates may elect to write about in their responses. It is neither prescriptive nor exhaustive and no set answer is required. Award [1] for each relevant point up to a maximum of [2].
