To what extent did Spain experience economic and social change during the Franco regime between 1945 and 1975?

The question requires that candidates consider the merits or otherwise of the idea that Spain underwent both social and economic change. In the 1950s, Spain’s economy was stagnant with low foreign trade (only 4 % of GDP), tight government regulation and frequent food shortages. Socially, Spain was conservative as the Church dominated social attitudes and education. The position of women was restricted as wives were not allowed to work or travel without permission. In 1959, the Stabilization Plan encouraged foreign trade and investment, which led to industrial growth. The Ministry of Tourism was established and encouraged foreign visitors with its lack of visa requirements and favourable exchange rates – by 1967, income from foreign tourism totalled 11 % of GDP. Social change also occurred with some state welfare provision in areas such as housing and health. Urbanization increased and a consumer society emerged. Tourism also changed social attitudes as society became less conservative and more secular. Women made up 30 % of the work force by 1974 which was a significant social change. The middle class grew to 33 % by 1974, reducing the economic and social divisions in Spain.

The question required candidates to consider the merits or otherwise of the idea that Spain underwent both social and economic change in the period 1945-1975. Some excellent in-depth knowledge was shown here on the extent of social and economic change under Franco, especially from candidates answering in Spanish.