Examine the role of Philip II in gaining Normandy for the French Crown.

The question requires that candidates consider how, and how far, Philip II was responsible for the French gaining control of Normandy by 1204. Candidates may examine the relationship between the Dukes of Normandy and the French throne, for example while the Dukes of Normandy paid homage to the kings of France, they were largely independent. During Richard I of England’s absence Philip seized some Norman territories. However, Philip was unable to defeat Richard and was seeking a truce when Richard died. Candidates may point out that at this point Phillip was largely unsuccessful, John’s succession was acknowledged and the English were firmly in control. John’s marriage to Isabella of Angoulême caused problems, and his treatment of Norman nobles and maladministration of the Duchy led to increased support for Philip. By 1204, Philip controlled most of the Angevin Empire. John struggled without success to regain his power and was defeated at Bouvines in 1214. Some may argue that Philip’s determination led to success, others that John’s mistakes were the most significant factor.

The question required candidates to consider how far Philip II was responsible for the French gaining control of Normandy by 1204. Few responses were seen to this question. Some candidates seemed to have limited knowledge about events from the death of Henry II in 1189 onwards which limited how far they could answer this question.