“By 1991, Gorbachev’s policies had achieved his aims.” To what extent do you agree with this statement?

The question requires that candidates consider the merits or otherwise of the statement that, by 1991, Gorbachev’s policies had achieved what they had intended to achieve. Candidates may approach the question in terms of identifying a range of strengths and weaknesses in Gorbachev’s policies and they may conclude that none, some or all his policies fully realized his aims. They may note that Gorbachev faced several challenges and that these may have limited his achievements. Policies addressed may include glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring). Gorbachev’s policies were aimed at reforming politics and modernizing the economy. Some candidates may argue that other figures such as Yeltsin pushed for greater change leading to opposition from conservatives in the party, and thus increasing popular discontent with the party. Attempts at economic reform led to inflation, shortages of basic goods and an increased budget deficit. The problems led to increasing support for radicals and the loss of support for Gorbachev and his resignation in December 1991. Any reference to Soviet foreign policy should be linked to Gorbachev's aims.