Evaluate the methods used by Henry II to restore royal power at the beginning of his reign.

This question requires that candidates make an appraisal of how successful Henry II was in reasserting royal authority in England. They will consider strategies used to bring the barons and earls under control and reference may be made to the demolition of unlicensed castles, as well as the building of new royal castles and the appointment of sheriffs. Candidates may argue that Henry’s judicial reforms reduced baronial influence and his justiciars extended his control over law and order. The Assize of Clarendon emphasized the importance of the King’s justices, again reducing baronial influence. Henry’s attempts to restore territorial control were not wholly successful: he forced the Scots to retreat and, to some extent, brought Ireland under control; however, he was less successful in Wales. Henry was also unable to reduce the independence of the Church. Candidates may argue that Henry was most successful in bringing the Barons under control and restoring the royal finances.